Fibroma mole gigante vulvar: relato de caso / Giant soft vulvar fibroma: case report

Fibroma mole, ou pólipo fibroepitelial, é uma lesão de proporções geralmente reduzidas, de cor hiperpigmentada ou igual à da pele, localizando-se frequentemente na face, pescoço, tronco e regiões intertriginosas. É um tumor classificado como benigno e pode acometer tanto homens quanto mulheres em idade reprodutiva e depois da quarta década de vida. Ocorre principalmente em obesos, diabéticos e durante a gestação. Com menor frequência, podem alcançar dimensões que excedem 5 cm. Seu crescimento pode ser lento ou rápido e comumente são assintomáticos, mas podem promover sangramentos por conta de ulcerações decorrentes de traumas repetidos. Apresentamos neste relato um fibroma mole, gigante, de localização vulvar, com 11 cm de comprimento, 11 cm de largura e 5 cm de espessura, pesando 500 g.

Giant soft vulvar fibroma is a fibroepithelial polyp lesion with generally reduced proportions, with a hyperpigmented color or similar to that of the skin, frequently located on the face, neck, trunk and intertriginous regions. It is a tumor classified as benign, can affect both men and women, of reproductive age and after the fourth decade, mainly obese, diabetic and during pregnancy. However, less frequently, they can reach dimensions that exceed 5 cm, may have a slow or accelerated evolution. They are commonly asymptomatic, but bleeding may be present due to ulcerations resulting from repeated trauma. In the current study, we describe a giant soft fibroma with a vulvar location measuring 11 cm in length, 11 cm in width, 5 cm in thickness and weighing 500 grams.

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma with proliferated stromal cells, hyalinization and cord-like formations: A case report / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Corded and hyalinized endometrioid carcinoma (CHEC) is a morphologic variant of endo-metrioid adenocarcinoma. The tumor exhibits a biphasic appearance with areas of traditional low-grade adenocarcinoma merging directly with areas of diffuse growth composed of epithelioid or spindled tumor cells forming cords, small clusters, or dispersed single cells. It is crucial to distinguish CHEC from its morphological mimics, such as malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT), because CHECs are usually low stage, and are associated with a good post-hysterectomy prognosis in most cases while the latter portends a poor prognosis. The patient reported in this article was a 54-year-old woman who presented with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding for 2 months. The ultrasound image showed a thickened uneven echo endometrium of approximately 12.2 mm and a detectable blood flow signal. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormal endometrial signal, considered endometrial carcinoma (Stage Ⅰ B). On hysterectomy specimen, there was an exophytic mass in the uterine cavity with myometrium infiltrating. Microscopically, most component of the tumor was well to moderately differentiated endometrioid carcinoma. Some oval and spindle stromal cells proliferated on the superficial surface of the tumor with a bundle or sheet like growth pattern. In the endometrial curettage specimen, the proliferation of these stromal cells was more obvious, and some of the surrounding stroma was hyalinized and chondromyxoid, which made the stromal cells form a cord-like arrangement. Immunostains were done and both the endometrioid carcinoma and the proliferating stroma cells showed loss of expression of DNA mismatch repair protein MLH1/PMS2 and wild-type p53 protein. Molecular testing demonstrated that this patient had a microsatellite unstable (MSI) endometrial carcinoma. The patient was followed up for 6 months, and there was no recurrence. We diagnosed this case as CHEC, a variant of endometrioid carcinoma, although this case did not show specific β-catenin nuclear expression that was reported in previous researches. The striking low-grade biphasic appearance without TP53 mutation confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular testing supported the diagnosis of CHEC. This special morphology, which is usually distributed in the superficial part of the tumor, may result in differences between curettage and surgical specimens. Recent studies have documented an aggressive clinical course in a significant proportion of cases. More cases are needed to establish the clinical behaviors, pathologic features, and molecular profiles of CHECs. Recognition of the relevant characteristics is the prerequisite for pathologists to make correct diagnoses and acquire comprehensive interpretation.

An easy and practical prognostic parameter: tumor-stroma ratio in Luminal, Her2, and triple-negative breast cancers

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The stroma surrounding the tumor cells is important in tumor progression and treatment resistance, besides the properties of tumor cells. Studies on the tumor stroma characteristics will contribute to the knowledge for new treatment approaches. METHODS: A total of 363 breast cancer patients were evaluated for the tumor-stroma ratio. The percentage of stroma was visually assessed on hematoxylin-eosin stained slides. The cases of tumor-stroma ratio more than 50% were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio high, and those less than 50% and below were categorized as tumor-stroma ratio low. RESULTS: Tumor-stroma ratio-high tumors had shorter overall survival (p=0.002). Disease-free survival tended to be shorter in tumor-stroma ratio-high tumors (p=0.082) compared with tumor-stroma ratio-low tumors. Tumor-stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter for the total group of patients (p=0.003) and also axillary lymph node metastasis and tumor-stroma ratio was statistically associated (p=0.004). Also, tumor-stroma ratio was an independent prognostic parameter in node-positive Luminal A and B subgroups for overall survival (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Tumor-stroma ratio is an independent prognostic parameter that can be evaluated quite easily in all molecular subtypes of all breast cancers and does not require extra cost and time to evaluate.

Expression of stromal elements of prostatic adenocarcinoma in different gleason scores

Abstract Purpose: To quantify and compare the expression of stromal elements in prostate adenocarcinoma of different Gleason scores with non-tumor area (control). Methods: We obtained 132 specimens from samples of prostate peripheral and transition zone. We analyzed the following elements of the extracellular matrix: collagen fibers, elastic system, smooth muscle fibers and blood vessels. The tumor area and non-tumor area (control) of the TMA (tissue microarray) were photographed and analyzed using the ImageJ software. Results: The comparison between the tumor area and the non-tumor area showed significant differences between stromal prostate elements. There was an increase of collagen fibers in the tumor area, mainly in Gleason 7. Elastic system fibers showed similar result, also from the Gleason 7. Blood vessels showed a significant increase occurred in all analyzed groups. The muscle fibers exhibited a different behavior, with a decrease in relation to the tumor area. Conclusions: There is a significant difference between the extracellular matrix in prostate cancer compared to the non-tumor area (control) especially in Gleason 7. Important modifications of the prostatic stromal elements strongly correlate with different Gleason scores and can contribute to predict the pathological staging of prostate cancer.

Characterization of reactive stroma in prostate cancer: involvement of growth factors, metalloproteinase matrix, sexual hormones receptors and prostatic stem cells

ABSTRACT Introduction and Objectives: Reactive Stroma (RStr) is observed in many human cancers and is related to carcinogenesis. The objectives of the present study were to stablish a relationship of the RStr microenvironment with prostate cancer (Pca) through a morphological and molecular characterization, and to identify a possible relationship between RStr with worse prognosis factors and occurrence of malignant prostatic stem cells. Materials and Methods: Forty prostatic samples were selected from men with Pca diagnosis submitted to radical prostatectomy; they were divided in two groups: Group-1 (n=20): samples without reactive stroma; Group-2 (n=20): samples of PCa with intense stroma reaction. Prostatic samples were evaluated for RStr intensity by Masson Trichromic stain and posteriorly submitted to histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis for antigens: α-actin, vimentin, IGF-1, MMP-2, FGF-2, C-Myc, PSCA, AR, Erα and ERβ. Results: Reactive stroma with intense desmoplastic reactivity was significantly more frequent in intermediate (Gleason 7, 3+4) and high grade tumors (Gleason 7, 4+3). The group with intense stromal reactivity showed significant higher levels of Vimentin, IGF-1, MMP-2, FGF-2, C-Myc, PSCA and ERα. Conclusions: It can be concluded that RStr may be a predictive marker of Pca progression, since it was associated with increase of growth factors, imbalance of androgen and estrogen receptors and presence of malign prostatic stem cells.

Tissue hyaluronan expression, as reflected in the sputum of lung cancer patients, is an indicator of malignancy

Hyaluronan (HA) shows promise for detecting cancerous change in pleural effusion and urine. However, there is uncertainty about the localization of HA in tumor tissue and its relationship with different histological types and other components of the extracellular matrix, such as angiogenesis. We evaluated the association between HA and degree of malignancy through expression in lung tumor tissue and sputum. Tumoral tissue had significantly increased HA compared to normal tissue. Strong HA staining intensity associated with cancer cells was significant in squamous cell carcinoma compared to adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. A significant direct association was found between tumors with a high percentage of HA and MVD (microvessel density) in tumoral stroma. Similarly significant was the direct association between N1 tumors and high levels of HA in cancer cells. Cox multivariate analysis showed significant association between better survival and low HA. HA increased in sputum from lung cancer patients compared to cancer-free and healthy volunteers and a significant correlation was found between HA in sputum and HA in cancer tissue. Localization of HA in tumor tissue was related to malignancy and reflected in sputum, making this an emerging factor for an important diagnostic procedure in patients suspected to have lung cancer. Further study in additional patients in a randomized prospective trial is required to finalize these results and to validate our quantitative assessment of HA, as well as to couple it to gold standard sputum cytology.

Aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva: case report / Angiomixoma agressivo da vulva: relato de caso

Female patient, 42-years-old, complaining of difficulty in urinating and swelling in the vulvar area for one year. Her gynecological examination showed extensive injury in the vulvar region and the biopsy done was inconclusive. The removal of the lesion was conducted. After the procedure, the patient remains free of recurrence for 15 months. This case highlights the need to consider angiomyxoma in the differential diagnosis for tumors of unknown cause in the vulvar region.

Paciente do gênero feminino, 42 anos, com queixas de dificuldade ao urinar e aumento de volume na região vulvar há 1 ano. Ao exame ginecológico, apresentava extensa lesão na região vulvar. Biópsia da lesão foi inconclusiva. Realizou-se a exérese da lesão. A paciente permanece livre de recorrências há 15 meses. Este caso destaca a necessidade de considerar o angiomixoma no diagnóstico diferencial de massas de causa desconhecida na região vulvar.

Tumores estromales de potencial maligno incierto (STUMP): descripción epidemiológica y manejo durante el período 2004-2013 / Stromal tumors of an uncertain malignant potential (STUMP): epidemiological description and handling during the 2004-2013 period

Los tumores estromales de potencial maligno incierto (STUMP) se enmarcan dentro de las lesiones de células fusadas de la próstata, entidades de relativa infrecuencia en la práctica urológica habitual, contabilizándose entre 0,1-0,2 por ciento 1 de todas los tumores malignos prostáticos. Corresponden a una proliferación no epitelial mesenquimática de células fusadas estromales, que pueden adquirir la capacidad de infiltrar el epitelio glandular prostático. Representan un desafío tanto para el patólogo, por la dificultad diagnóstica, como para el clínico, pues no existe consenso respecto a su manejo. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se filtró la base de datos del servicio de Anatomía Patología del Hospital San Borja Arriarán con los términos clave “STUMP”, “Tumor estromal próstata”, tanto de biopsias transrrectales como de piezas operatorias. De los pacientes con diagnóstico histológico e inmunohistoquímico compatible, se registraron características epidemiológicas, estudio, manejo y sobrevida global. Resultados: se encontraron 3(tres) pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de STUMP. Edad promedio al diagnóstico 66años. Dos de los casos (66,6 ´po0r ciento) correspondieron a hallazgo en biopsia diferida por cirugía benigna prostática, (una por Adenomectomía transvesical y otra por RTU-P). El tercer caso correspondió a un hallazgo en biopsia por punción transrrectal ecodirigida, en contexto de PSA elevado (100ng/mL) y 4 biopsias previas: 3 normales, y una con informe de posible sarcoma prostático. La terapia de elección en 2 casos fue seguimiento y en uno se indicó cirugía radical. En los casos descritos no se registra mortalidad, con seguimiento promedio de 32 meses. Conclusión: Los tumores estromales de potencial maligno incierto son un diagnóstico histológico infrecuente, descrito como hallazgo tanto en la biopsia transrrectal como de pieza quirúrgica. No existen consensos internacionales ni guías de manejo. En nuestra experiencia...

Stromal tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) are included in the spindle cell lesions of the adult prostate, a very rare diagnostic entity in the clinical practice, accounting no more than 0,1-0,2 percent of all prostate malignancies. STUMP is defined as a non epithelial proliferation of spindle cells, which can acquire the ability of infiltrate the prostate glands. This lesions represent a challenge for both clinical and pathology physician. Material and methods: retrospective cohort study. A research was performed at the San Borja Hospital Pathology Service’s database, using keywords “STUMP”, “Stromal prostate tumor”. From eligible patients we took epidemiology and clinical data. Results: a total of three patients were included. Average age was 66 years. STUMP was founded in two patients in the pathology report after benign prostatic surgery (Simple prostatectomy and TUR-P). A third patient was diagnosed by a needle biopsy (TRUS Biopsy). This patient had an elevated PSA (>100 ng/mL), 4 previous biopsies, three normal and a fourth suspicious of prostate sarcoma. Surveillance was the therapy chosen for those patients diagnosed with STUMP after benign surgery. Radical prostatectomy was offered to the third patient. Average follow up was 32 month Conclusion: STUMP is a rare diagnostic, and is a challenge for both clinical and pathology physician. There are no guidelines for the management. In our series we confirmed the low frequency of this condition, and the management in our service is similar as other series described in literature...

Immunohistochemical profile of stromal constituents and lymphoid cells over the course of wound healing in murine model

PURPOSE: To assess the evolution profile of the immunohistochemical expression of stromal constituents over the time-course of wound healing in a murine model. METHODS: Surgical wounds were performed in the back of 24 Wistar rats. After three, seven, 14 and 21 days, six rats were euthanized and the wounded histologically processed to assess the immunohistochemical expression of CD3, CD20, CD31, α-SMA and type-I collagen. Non-injured skin samples (NSS) were used as control. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA and Tukey test. RESULTS: The mean of CD3 and CD20 positive cells in the wounds was significantly higher than in NSS at seven and 14 days (p<0.001). The blood vessels content was significantly lower than in NSS (p<0.05) at three days, but increased at seven and 14 days (p<0.01). The mean of α-SMA positive cells at seven, 14 and 21 days was higher than in NSS (p<0.05). The relative content of type I collagen increased from three to 21 days, but remained lower than in NSS (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lymphoid cells, myofibroblasts and microvessels contents varied over the time-course of wound healing, with peak at seven days and progressive reduction until 21 days. The type I collagen content increased over time. .

Hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa nodular gigante de la mama / Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (pash) of the breast

La hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa (PASH) es una lesión proliferativa benigna de la mama, poco frecuente, caracterizada por la existencia de lagos pseudovasculares embebidos en una gran proliferación del estroma mamario. Probablemente, el desarrollo de la PASH tenga una influencia hormonal, por lo que típicamente se diagnostica en mujeres en edad fértil. La PASH es un hallazgo histopatológico casual en las piezas quirúrgicas y biopsias mamarias realizadas por otra patología. La presentación clínica en forma de masa palpable es poco frecuente. El principal diagnóstico diferencial debe realizarse con el angiosarcoma de bajo grado. El tratamiento de la PASH nodular es una correcta exéresis quirúrgica asegurando borde sano amplio. El pronóstico es excelente, con un mínimo riesgo de recidiva si se realiza una adecuada cirugía. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 37 años que acude a consulta por un nódulo mamario de crecimiento rápido.

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast is a rare benign proliferative mesenchymal lesion characterized by the presence of open slit like spaces embedded in a hyalinized fibrous stroma. The development of PASH is probably subject to hormonal influence so it typically affects women in the reproductive age group. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia is frequently an incidental histologic finding in breast surgeries or biopsies performed for other injuries. In rare cases, it presents as a localized breast mass. The most important differential diagnosis is low-grade angiosarcoma. Tumorous PASH is treated by local surgical excision with clear margins. The prognosis is excellent, with minimal risk of recurrence after adequate surgery. The presented case was a 37-years-old woman who was admitted with a rapidly growing breast tumor.

Cancer stem cells - the current status of an old concept: literature review and clinical approaches

As regards their morphology and biology, tumours consist of heterogeneous cell populations. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis assumes that a tumour is hierarchically organized and not all of the cells are equally capable of generating descendants, similarly to normal tissue. The only cells being able to self-renew and produce a heterogeneous tumour cell population are cancer stem cells. CSCs probably derive from normal stem cells, although progenitor cells may be taken into consideration as the source of cancer stem cells. CSCs reside in the niche defined as the microenvironment formed by stromal cells, vasculature and extracellular matrix. The CSC assays include FACS sorting, xenotransplantation to immunodeficient mice (SCID), incubation with Hoechst 33342 dye, cell culture in non-adherent conditions, cell culture with bromodeoxyuridine. CSCs have certain properties that make them resistant to anticancer therapy, which suggests they may be the target for potential therapeutic strategies.

Adenocarcinoma on needle prostatic biopsies: Does reactive stroma predicts biochemical recurrence in patients following radical prostatectomy?

Objective There is evidence that reactive stroma in different cancers may regulate tumor progression. The aim of this study is to establish any possible relation of reactive stroma grading on needle prostatic biopsies to biochemical recurrence. Materials and Methods The study group comprised 266 biopsies from consecutive patients submitted to radical prostatectomy. Reactive stroma was defined as stroma surrounding neoplastic tissue and graded as 0 (absent), 1 (slight), 2 (moderate), and 3 (intense) according to tumor stroma area relative to total tumor area. Results From the total of 266 needle prostatic biopsies, 143 (53.8%), 55 (20.7%), 54 (20.3%), and 14 (5.3%) showed grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Increasing reactive stroma grade was significantly associated with clinical stage T2, higher preoperative PSA, higher biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason score, more extensive tumors in radical prostatectomy, and pathologic stage > T2. Only grade 3 was significantly associated with time and risk to biochemical recurrence. On multivariate analysis only preoperative PSA and 2 methods of biopsy tumor extent evaluation were independent predictors. Conclusion Increasing reactive stroma grade on biopsies is significantly associated with several clinicopathologic adverse findings, however, only grade 3 predicts time and risk to biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy on univariate but not on multivariate analysis. We have not been able to show that reactive stroma grade 3 on biopsies is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence beyond that of preoperative PSA and other pathologic findings on biopsy. .

Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on stromal CD10 antigens in breast cancer - A preliminary study.

Introduction: CD10 is a zinc-dependent peptidase (metalloproteinase). Stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis, oestrogen receptor negativity and higher grade. CD10 may be a potential target of new cancer therapies as it is involved in cleavage of doxorubicin. Aim: To evaluate the effect of neo-adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy on status of stromal CD10 antigens in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Patients with invasive breast cancer scheduled for anthracycline-based neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. Tumor stromal CD10 expression was estimated before and after 3 cycles of chemotherapy, and change in its status was correlated with clinical response to chemotherapy. Results: 16 out of the 29 patients had strong CD10 expression; in these 16 patients, 14 (87.5%) were hormone receptor negative, and 14 (87.5%) had HER-2/neu overexpression. Stromal CD10 expression remained same in 13 out of 29 cases (44.83%) after chemotherapy. There was a change in CD10 expression in the remaining 16 cases (55.17%); in 13 cases (44.83%) it decreased from its pre-chemotherapy status, while its expression increased in 3 cases (10.34%). In cases of complete and partial clinical response, there was no increase in CD10 expression. Where CD10 expression had increased after chemotherapy, there was either a minor response or no response to chemotherapy. In 13 cases where CD10 expression had decreased, 12 cases had a clinical response to chemotherapy. Conclusions: Strong CD10 expression correlates with hormone receptor negativity and HER-2/neu overexpression. Stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer is not static and changes with neo-adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. A stable or decrease in CD10 expression correlates with complete or partial clinical response, while an increase in CD10 expression appears to correlate with poor clinical response. A larger series is required to determine the clinical significance of these changes. As stromal CD10 expression and its change with chemotherapy may have a prognostic significance, they should be documented in breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy.

Fibroma ovárico con células estromales en anillo de sello: un tumor extremadamente infrecuente: diagnóstico diferencial del tumor de Krukenberg / Ovarian fibroma with stromal signet-ring cells: differential diagnosis of Krukenberg tumor

La presencia de "células en anillo de sello" en el tejido ovárico es el marcador histológico clásico del tumor de Krukenberg. Un adenocarcinoma metastásico altamente agresivo y de baja sobrevida. En cambio, los fibromas ováricos son tumores del estroma generalmente benignos. Presentamos un caso muy infrecuente de fibroma celular con presencia de células en anillo de sello y revisamos los criterios para el diagnóstico diferencial con el tumor de Krukenberg.

The presence of signet-ring cells in ovarian tissue is classically described as histological marker of Krukenberg tumor. It is highly aggressive metastatic adenocarcinoma with low survival. In contrast, ovarian fibroid is a stromal tumor usually benign. We present a very rare case of cellular fibroma with presence of signet-ring cells and we review the criteria for differential diagnosis of Krukenberg tumor.

Comparison of expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone and its receptor splice variant 1 in different stages of endometriosis

The present study aims to explore the significance of the expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH] and its receptor splice variant 1 [GHRHSV1] in endometriosis [EM]. In this research paper 80 EM patients who received treatment between March 2009 and September 2010 were selected, among which 20 were in stages I, II, III and IV respectively. 50 non-EM patients who underwent hysterectomy because of myoma during the same period comprised the control group. GHRH, GHRH-SV1 and their corresponding mRNA expression in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic tissue as well as ectopic endometrium were detected using immunohistochemical streptavidin-peroxidase [SP] and RT-PCR methods. Analysis of Variance [ANOVA] with Tukey Post Hoc test was used for data analysis and p<0.05 was considered significant. GHRH, GHRH-SV1 and their corresponding mRNA were expressed in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic tissue as well as ectopic endometrium. The mean optical density [OD] values of the GHRH and GHRH-SV1 expression in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the normal group [p<0.05], and the relative intensity [RI] of GHRH mRNA and GHRH-SV1 mRNA expression in the experimental group was also significantly higher [p<0.05]. The mean OD values of the GHRH and GHRHSV1 expression showed significant differences among endometriotic tissue at different stages of EM [p<0.05], and the RI of GHRH and GHRH-SV1 mRNA expression also showed significant differences [p<0.05]. GHRH and GHRH-SV1 expression levels differ significantly at different stages of endometriosis

Ovarian hemangioma with stromal luteinization and HCG-producing mononucleate and multinucleate cells of uncertain histogenesis: A rare co-existence with therapeutic dilemma.

A 21 year old female presented with amenorrhea, hirsutism and change in voice along with an elevated serum β-HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) level and normal CA-125 level. Laparotomy revealed an enlarged right ovary measuring 6 × 5 × 1 cms with presence of an ovarian hemangioma along with stromal luteinization and HCG producing mononucleate as well as multinucleate cells of uncertain histogenesis on histopathological examination. Immunohistochemistry for inhibin and calretinin were positive in the luteinized component whereas β-HCG and Ki-67 were positive in the multinucleate cell component. The diagnostic rarity and therapeutic dilemma of such a rare mixed tumor within a single ovary has proven to be an exceptional case and an excellent investigative opportunity.

Stromal myofibroblasts in focal reactive overgrowths of the gingiva

Focal reactive overgrowths are among the most common oral mucosal lesions. The gingiva is a significant site affected by these lesions, when triggered by chronic inflammation in response to microorganisms in dental plaque. Myofibroblasts are differentiated fibroblasts that actively participate in diseases characterized by tissue fibrosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of stromal myofibroblasts in the main focal reactive overgrowths of the gingiva: focal fibrous hyperplasia (FFH), peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF), pyogenic granuloma (PG), and peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG). A total of 10 FFHs, 10 POFs, 10 PGs, and 10 PGCGs from archival specimens were evaluated. Samples of gingival mucosa were used as negative controls for stromal myofibroblasts. Oral squamous cell carcinoma samples, in which stromal myofibroblasts have been previously detected, were used as positive controls. Myofibroblasts were identified by immunohistochemical detection of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-sma). Myofibroblast immunostaining was qualitatively classified as negative, scanty, or dense. Differences in the presence of myofibroblasts among FFH, POF, PG, and PGCG were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Stromal myofibroblasts were not detected in FFH, POF, PG, or PGCG. Consequently, no differences were observed in the presence of myofibroblasts among FFH, POF, PG, or PGCG (p > 0.05). In conclusion, stromal myofibroblasts were not detected in the focal reactive overgrowths of the gingiva that were evaluated, suggesting that these cells do not play a significant role in their pathogenesis.

Reconstrução mamária imediata após ressecção de hiperplasia estromal pseudoangiomatosa em adolescente de 13 anos / Immediate breast reconstruction after resection of pseudoangiomatosa stromal hyperplasia in a 13-year-old teenager

A hiperplasia estromal pseudoangiomatosa é uma patologia mamária benigna, caracterizada pelaproliferação anormal do estroma mamário. Foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1986 e poucoscasos foram publicados desde então. Foi apresentado o caso de uma adolescente de 13 anos comum tumor que acometia todos os quadrantes mamários, sem linfonodomegalias. A ressonânciamagnética mamária visualizou nódulo oval, com margem lisa, categorizada como BI-RADS® 3.Foi realizada core biópsia, e os exames histopatológico e imunoistoquímico mostraram tratar-sede hiperplasia estromal pseudoangiomatosa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de hiperplasiaestromal pseudoangiomatosa tratado por mastectomia simples e reconstrução imediatacom expansor. O exame anatomopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de hiperplasia estromalpseudoangiomatosa. A troca do expansor pelo implante mamário definitivo ocorreu após 12 mesesda mastectomia, assim como a confecção do complexo areolopapilar. A paciente encontra-seviva e sem evidência de doença após 18 meses do diagnóstico.

Pseudoangiomatosa stromal hyperplasia is benign breast pathology, characterized by abnormal proliferationof the mammary stroma. It was first described in 1986, and very few cases have so far beenreviewed in the literature. We described the case of a 13-years-old teenager with a tumor extendingto all quadrants, none lymph node was observed. Nuclear magnetic resonance showed an oval mass,smooth, categorized as BI-RADS® 3. She underwent to a core biopsy. The histopathologic and immunohistochemicalexamination revealed a pseudoangiomatosa stromal hyperplasia. The objective ofthis paper is to report a case of pseudoangiomatosa stromal hyperplasia managed by simple mastectomyand immediate reconstruction using expander. The pathological analyses confirmed the diagnoses ofpseudoangiomatosa stromal hyperplasia. The exchange of the expander for the permanent breast implantoccurred 12 months after mastectomy, as well as the manufacturing of complex areolopapilar.The patient is alive and without evidence of disease after 18 months of the diagnosis.

Análise dos achados ecográficos em nódulos de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário diagnosticados por core biópsia / Analyzing the ecographic features of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia masses diagnosed by core biopsy

Objetivos: Descrever os aspectos ecográficos em nódulos de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário, classificando-os segundo o BI-RADS®. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, de 2009 a 2010, da base de dados do nosso serviço (UD diagnóstico por imagem) para identificar nódulos evidenciados na ecografia mamária, com diagnóstico histopatológico confirmado de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário, por meio de core biópsia orientada por ultrassonografia, com agulha de 16 gauge. Foram identificadas 16 pacientes com lesões ecográficas que tinham hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário como diagnóstico. Resultados: O fator determinante para a classificação em categorias 4a e 4b, segundo o léxico BI-RADS® para ultrassonografia, foi as margens não-circunscritas, que estavam presentes em 93,3% das lesões, as demais características ecográficas das lesões foram compatíveis com lesões benignas. Conclusão: Nódulos ecográficos de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário podem apresentar características ecográficas que sejam determinantes para a realização de biópsias, mesmo sabendo-se que esta patologia tem curso tipicamente benigno.

Objectives: To describe the ecographic features of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia masses, classifying them according to the BI-RADS® lexicon. Methods: A retrospective review was performed during the period from 2009 to 2010, using the database of our service (UD diagnóstico por imagem), in order to find ecographic masses with pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia diagnosis, which were performed with 16-gauge core biopsy ultrasound guided. We identified 16 patients with ecographic masses diagnosed with pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia. Results: The most important finding that changes the classification of the BI-RADS® was noncircumscribed margins, which were foundin 93.3% of the lesions, other ultrasound characteristics found were benign features. Conclusion: Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasiamasses may present ecographic findings that support biopsy indication; although it is known that it is a benign pathology.

Stromal differences in odontogenic cysts of a common histopathogenesis but with different biological behavior: A study with picrosirius red and polarizing microscopy.

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to detect and compare the pattern of collagen fibers in odontogenic cysts and also to find out if this methodology could be used to predict the aggressive nature of odontogenic cysts by comparing with the odontogenic tumors. Materials and Methods: The collagen in the wall of 11 odontogenic keratocysts, 14 dentigerous cysts and 14 radicular cysts was studied histochemically by staining sections with picrosirius red and examining under polarizing microscope. This was compared to 10 cases of odontogenic tumors using Z test of proportion at 1% and 5%. Results: In dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts and odontogenic tumors, the predominant color of collagen fibers birefringence was found to be orangish red, whereas in radicular cysts the collagen fiber was of green color. Conclusions: Similar birefringence pattern of collagen fibers between dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts and odontogenic tumors may indicate that these lesions have a common histogenesis with a broad spectrum of biological behavior and belong to the same group, i.e., are developmental in origin. Different patterns of radicular cysts suggest different biological behavior and a positive role of inflammation on polarization color of collagen fibers.